Unveiling the Power of Multi threading: Revolutionizing Scalability in Single-Client Server Design

"Exploring the Simplicity of Single-Client Server Design and the Potential for Scalability Challenges"

In this article we will design the server that handles only one client at a time, which is a big assumption if one wants to develop any scalable server model. The simple way to handle multiple clients would be to spawn a new thread for every new client connected to the server.

Concepts of Semaphores, sem_posts, and Sem_waits

Semaphores:-

a variable that is non-negative and shared between threads. This variable is used to solve the critical section problems to achieve process synchronization in the multiprocessing environment.

sem_post:-

sem_post() unlocks the semaphore pointed to by sem. If the semaphore’s value consequently becomes greater than zero, then another process or thread blocked in a sem_wait() call will be woken up and proceed to lock the semaphore.

sem_wait: -

sem_wait() locks the semaphore pointed to by sem. If the semaphore’s value is greater than zero, then the decrement proceeds and the function returns, immediately. If the semaphore currently has the value zero, then the call blocks until either it becomes possible to perform the decrement (i.e., the semaphore value rises above zero), or a signal handler interrupts the c.

Server Side reader-writer algorithms:-

creating two different threads; a reader thread, and a writer thread. First, declare a serverSocket, an integer, a variable to hold the return of socket function.

int serverSocket = socket(domain, type, protocol);

serverSocket: Socket descriptor, an integer (like a file-handle).
domain: Integer, communication domain e.g., AF_INET (IPv4 protocol), AF_INET6 (IPv6 protocol).
type: Communication type.
SOCK_STREAM: TCP(reliable, connection-oriented).
SOCK_DGRAM: UDP(unreliable, connectionless).
protocol: Protocol value for Internet Protocol(IP), which is 0. This is the same number that appears on the protocol field in the IP header of a packet.(man protocols for more details).
Then, after initializing all the necessary variables bind the socket.
Bind():
After the creation of the socket, the bind function binds the socket to the address and port number specified in addr(custom data structure). In the example code, we bind the server to the local host, hence INADDR_ANY is used to specify the IP address.

  int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, 
           socklen_t addrlen);

Listen():

t puts the server socket in a passive mode, where it waits for the client to approach the server to make a connection. The backlog defines the maximum length to which the queue of pending connections for sockfd may grow. If a connection request arrives when the queue is full, the client may receive an error with an indication of ECONNREFUSED.
```
  int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
```
For more connection functions used in this article, please refer to this article for socket programming in C.

Approach:-

After accepting the connection to the desired port, receive an integer from the client that defines the choice for reading or writing. Choice 1 indicates reader, while choice 2 indicates writer.
After successfully receiving data, call for pthread_create to create reader threads and writer threads.
After making successful connections to the server-client asks the user for input on the choice variable.
After getting the choice from the user, the client then sends this choice to the server to call the reader or writer thread by creating a client thread for the request.

Let's dive into the coding:-

Server side:-

// C program for the Server Side

// inet_addr
#include <arpa/inet.h>

// For threading, link with lpthread
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>

// Semaphore variables
sem_t x, y;
pthread_t tid;
pthread_t writerthreads[100];
pthread_t readerthreads[100];
int readercount = 0;

// Reader Function
void* reader(void* param)
{
 // Lock the semaphore
 sem_wait(&x);
 readercount++;

 if (readercount == 1)
  sem_wait(&y);

 // Unlock the semaphore
 sem_post(&x);

 printf("\n%d reader is inside",
  readercount);

 sleep(5);

 // Lock the semaphore
 sem_wait(&x);
 readercount--;

 if (readercount == 0) {
  sem_post(&y);
 }

 // Lock the semaphore
 sem_post(&x);

 printf("\n%d Reader is leaving",
  readercount + 1);
 pthread_exit(NULL);
}

// Writer Function
void* writer(void* param)
{
 printf("\nWriter is trying to enter");

 // Lock the semaphore
 sem_wait(&y);

 printf("\nWriter has entered");

 // Unlock the semaphore
 sem_post(&y);

 printf("\nWriter is leaving");
 pthread_exit(NULL);
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
 // Initialize variables
 int serverSocket, newSocket;
 struct sockaddr_in serverAddr;
 struct sockaddr_storage serverStorage;

 socklen_t addr_size;
 sem_init(&x, 0, 1);
 sem_init(&y, 0, 1);

 serverSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
 serverAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
 serverAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
 serverAddr.sin_port = htons(8989);

 // Bind the socket to the
 // address and port number.
 bind(serverSocket,
  (struct sockaddr*)&serverAddr,
  sizeof(serverAddr));

 // Listen on the socket,
 // with 40 max connection
 // requests queued
 if (listen(serverSocket, 50) == 0)
  printf("Listening\n");
 else
  printf("Error\n");

 // Array for thread
 pthread_t tid[60];

 int i = 0;

 while (1) {
  addr_size = sizeof(serverStorage);

  // Extract the first
  // connection in the queue
  newSocket = accept(serverSocket,
      (struct sockaddr*)&serverStorage,
      &addr_size);
  int choice = 0;
  recv(newSocket,
   &choice, sizeof(choice), 0);

  if (choice == 1) {
   // Creater readers thread
   if (pthread_create(&readerthreads[i++], NULL,
       reader, &newSocket)
    != 0)

    // Error in creating thread
    printf("Failed to create thread\n");
  }
  else if (choice == 2) {
   // Create writers thread
   if (pthread_create(&writerthreads[i++], NULL,
       writer, &newSocket)
    != 0)

    // Error in creating thread
    printf("Failed to create thread\n");
  }

  if (i >= 50) {
   // Update i
   i = 0;

   while (i < 50) {
    // Suspend execution of
    // the calling thread
    // until the target
    // thread terminates
    pthread_join(writerthreads[i++],
       NULL);
    pthread_join(readerthreads[i++],
       NULL);
   }

   // Update i
   i = 0;
  }
 }

 return 0;
}

Client side:-

  // C program for the Client Side
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <sys/socket.h>

  // inet_addr
  #include <arpa/inet.h>
  #include <unistd.h>

  // For threading, link with lpthread
  #include <pthread.h>
  #include <semaphore.h>

  // Function to send data to
  // server socket.
  void* clienthread(void* args)
  {

   int client_request = *((int*)args);
   int network_socket;

   // Create a stream socket
   network_socket = socket(AF_INET,
         SOCK_STREAM, 0);

   // Initialise port number and address
   struct sockaddr_in server_address;
   server_address.sin_family = AF_INET;
   server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
   server_address.sin_port = htons(8989);

   // Initiate a socket connection
   int connection_status = connect(network_socket,
           (struct sockaddr*)&server_address,
           sizeof(server_address));

   // Check for connection error
   if (connection_status < 0) {
    puts("Error\n");
    return 0;
   }

   printf("Connection established\n");

   // Send data to the socket
   send(network_socket, &client_request,
    sizeof(client_request), 0);

   // Close the connection
   close(network_socket);
   pthread_exit(NULL);

   return 0;
  }

  // Driver Code
  int main()
  {
   printf("1. Read\n");
   printf("2. Write\n");

   // Input
   int choice;
   scanf("%d", &choice);
   pthread_t tid;

   // Create connection
   // depending on the input
   switch (choice) {
   case 1: {
    int client_request = 1;

    // Create thread
    pthread_create(&tid, NULL,
       clienthread,
       &client_request);
    sleep(20);
    break;
   }
   case 2: {
    int client_request = 2;

    // Create thread
    pthread_create(&tid, NULL,
       clienthread,
       &client_request);
    sleep(20);
    break;
   }
   default:
    printf("Invalid Input\n");
    break;
   }

   // Suspend execution of
   // calling thread
   pthread_join(tid, NULL);
  }